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Cyberspace TAXATION - S.SHANMATHY

Abstract: Cyberspace is a virtual trading shop, from where income is generated, sale and purchase are transacted, service to clients and entertainment and luxuries to the customers are offered. Considering the enormous scope for commercial activities, it can be a meadow of taxation giving a wider scope to the State to generate public revenue.        Introduction: Tax is a mandatory imposition by the sovereign without any guarantee of special benefits. The imposition of tax is a constitutional function. Such an imposition may be either upon person or property or privileges or occupations or enjoyments of the people. Obviously, the primary implication and object of taxation is to raise money for the purpose of the Government, by means of contribution from individual persons. While levying a tax, the State, to some extent, brings in measures to regulate the business activity or the consumption of a commodity or service or even accumulation of wealth in the ...
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Copyright Issue in Cyberspace - A. Shabana

Introduction:  Copyright laws have been evolving in response to technological advancements since their inception. Like many advancements, these technologies are both hopeful and potentially damaging to diverse parties involved in the usage and exploitation of works of authorship, including books and music to films and web pages. Without a doubt, the challenges of striking the right balance between these interests in the light of recent developments are daunting, and they can rightfully be described as “new” or “unique.” Copyright in cyberspace: Copyright is similar to other property rights, such as land, in that the landowner owns everything on the land, from the sky to the ground. Copyright works on the same basis, but with several constraints. Copyright enforcement in cyberspace is hampered by the usage of computers, and the internet, including downloading, uploading, copy-cut-paste, deep linking, and peer-to-peer file sharing. New forms of creative expression in the ...

SOURCES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The CONSTITUTION OF INDIA is the Supreme Law of India, It imparts Constitutional Supremacy and was adopted by its people with a declaration in its Preamble. It was adopted by the CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY of India on 26th November 1949 and became effective on 26th January 1940. In the Indian Constitution some effective  principles are borrowed from other Countries it is known as The Sources of Indian Constitution or The Influence of Other Constitutions, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT,1935 The Federal Scheme Role of Federal Judiciary Office of the Governor Emergency Provisions Public service commissions Administrative Details UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Preamble Fundamental Rights Independent Judiciary Judicial Review Impeachment of President Removal of Judges (Supreme court and High court) Functions of Vice-President THE UNITED KINGDOM President Cabinet system of Ministers Parliamentary type of government Post of Prime Minister Bicameral Parliament Council of Ministers Provision of Speaker in Lok...

FEDERAL FEATURES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION

INTRODUCTION        INDIAN CONSTITUTION has not described India as a federation. However, Article 1 of the Constitution of India describes India as a "Union of States". India is not a true federal government because it combines features of a Federal government and the features of Unitary government i.e,, Quasi-federal government.   FEDERAL FEATURES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION: 1. Division of Powers      Indian Constitution divide and distributes the Powers between Central government and State  government, both central and state governments have separate powers and responsibilities , The 7th schedule of Indian Constitution consists of, Union list- Only Central government can make laws on all matters State list  - Only State government can make laws on all matters Concurrent list - It contains all the matters on which both central and State government can make laws              Therefore, in Federal form of go...

Campus Violence

  Introduction: Campus Violence can be in the form of sexual harassment, ragging, caste or political fights which often result in death or serious injury. Educational institutions which are supposed to brighten students on social vices and enrich their knowledge and morality have been struggling to curb the tragedy of campus violence. A.       CASTE CLASHES: Caste discrimination is deeply rooted in the Indian society, and it always results in violence whose manifestations are seen in College campuses, especially those situated in rural and sub-urban areas. Caste-based discrimination often appears in higher education institutions. Caste violence can either outbreak as ragging and harassment of cornered students or as armed clashes amongst students. More members of the lower castes than ever are entering higher educational institutions in India. To help the lower caste groups, the Indian government created a reservation system, an affirmative action pr...

Right to Constitutional remedy

INTRODUCTION             Fundamental Rights is the special feature of Indian Constitution, Fundamental Rights is the PART 3rd of the Indian Constitution , thus fundamental rights is enforceable by law, if the Fundamental rights of any individual citizen is violated by any institution, government or others ,the individual citizen can seek fundamental remedy under,   Article 32  of the Indian Constitution in the Supreme court Article 226  of the Indian Constitution in the High court Article 32 of the Indian Constitution:. Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part. (1) The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed. (2) The Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition,quo warranto and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for the enforcement of a...

The Source of Hindu Law

Introduction Source of Law means “ the roots of the law ” , “ cause of the law ” , “ the things from which the laws have been taken ” . There are many connotations to the word, “ source of law. ” This can be the authority that determines conduct regulations that are accepted as binding by the courts. It can mean the social conditions that motivate the making of law for conditions to be regulated. This can also mean the substance from which the rules and laws are learned, in its literal sense.  The Sanskrit word Sindhu has been considered the origin of the word ‘ Hindu ’ . A Hindu is an adherent of Hinduism. The personal laws which governed and are even now governing the social life of Hindus (such as marriage and divorce, adoption, inheritance, minority and guardianship, family matters, etc.) are compiled in the form of Hindu Law. It was revealed to the people by God through Vedas. Various sages and ascetics have elaborated and refined the abstract concepts of life explained in ...